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Unique identifier assigned to network interfaces

This commodity is virtually a blazon of network address. For the Apple computers, run into Macintosh. For other similar terms, run into Mac.

Label of a UMTS router with MAC addresses for LAN and WLAN modules

A media admission control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access command protocol sublayer of the data link layer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as half dozen groups of 2 hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator.

MAC addresses are primarily assigned past device manufacturers, and are therefore ofttimes referred to equally the burned-in address, or as an Ethernet hardware accost, hardware address, or physical address. Each address tin can be stored in hardware, such equally the card's read-merely retention, or by a firmware mechanism. Many network interfaces, still, support irresolute their MAC accost. The address typically includes a manufacturer's organizationally unique identifier (OUI). MAC addresses are formed according to the principles of 2 numbering spaces based on Extended Unique Identifiers (EUI) managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): EUI-48, which replaces the obsolete term MAC-48, [1] and EUI-64. [2]

Network nodes with multiple network interfaces, such equally routers and multilayer switches, must have a unique MAC address for each NIC in the same network. However, two NICs connected to two different networks can share the aforementioned MAC accost.

Address details [ edit ]

The structure of a 48-bit MAC address. The b0 bit distinguishes multicast and unicast addressing and the b1 scrap distinguishes universal and locally administered addressing.

The IEEE 802 MAC accost originally comes from the Xerox Network Systems Ethernet addressing scheme. [3] This 48-scrap accost infinite contains potentially 248 (over 281 trillion) possible MAC addresses. The IEEE manages allocation of MAC addresses, originally known as MAC-48 and which it now refers to as EUI-48 identifiers. The IEEE has a target lifetime of 100 years (until 2080) for applications using EUI-48 space and restricts applications accordingly. The IEEE encourages adoption of the more plentiful EUI-64 for not-Ethernet applications.

The stardom between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is in proper name and application only. MAC-48 was used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications; EUI-48 is now used for 802-based networking and is besides used to identify other devices and software, for instance Bluetooth. [2] [four] The IEEE at present considers MAC-48 to be an obsolete term. [1] EUI-48 is at present used in all cases. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system originally encompassed both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers past a simple translation mechanism. [2] [a] These translations take since been deprecated. [2]

An Individual Address Cake (IAB) is an inactive registry action which has been replaced by the MA-S (MA-Due south was previously named OUI-36 and have no overlaps in addresses with IAB [v] ) registry production equally of January 1, 2014. The IAB uses an OUI from MA-50 (MAC address block large) registry was previously named OUI registry, the term OUI is nonetheless in use, but not for calling a registry [five] ) belonging to the IEEE Registration Authority, concatenated with 12 boosted IEEE-provided bits (for a total of 36 bits), leaving simply 12 $.25 for the IAB owner to assign to their (upwards to 4096) individual devices. An IAB is platonic for organizations requiring not more than 4096 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48). Unlike an OUI, which allows the assignee to assign values in various different number spaces (for case, EUI-48, EUI-64, and the various context-dependent identifier number spaces, like for SNAP or EDID (VSDB field)), the Individual Accost Block could only be used to assign EUI-48 identifiers. All other potential uses based on the OUI from which the IABs are allocated are reserved and remain the belongings of the IEEE Registration Authority. Between 2007 and September 2012, the OUI value 00:l:C2 was used for IAB assignments. Afterward September 2012, the value 40:D8:55 was used. The owners of an already assigned IAB may continue to apply the assignment. [6]

MA-S (MAC accost cake pocket-size) registry activity includes both a 36-bit unique number used in some standards and the assignment of a block of EUI-48 and EUI-64 identifiers (while owner of IAB cannot assign EUI-64) past the IEEE Registration Potency. MA-S does not include assignment of an OUI.

There is also some other registry which is called MA-Thousand (MAC accost block medium). The MA-G assignment block provides both twotwenty EUI-48 identifiers and two36 EUI-64 identifiers (that means first 28 bits are IEEE assigned bits). The offset 24 bits of the assigned MA-1000 block are an OUI assigned to IEEE that volition not be reassigned, so the MA-M does not include assignment of an OUI.

Universal vs. local (U/L bit) [ edit ]

Addresses tin can either be universally administered addresses (UAA) or locally administered addresses (LAA). A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device past its manufacturer. The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known equally the organizationally unique identifier (OUI). [two] The residuum of the accost (three octets for EUI-48 or five for EUI-64) are assigned by that organization in nearly whatever way they please, bailiwick to the constraint of uniqueness. A locally administered accost is assigned to a device by software or a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address for physical devices.

Locally administered addresses are distinguished from universally administered addresses past setting (assigning the value of 1 to) the second-least-significant bit of the commencement octet of the address. This bit is also referred to as the U/50 bit, short for Universal/Local, which identifies how the accost is administered. [7] [8] If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered, which is why this bit is 0 in all UAAs. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. In the example address 06-00-00-00-00-00 the first octet is 06 (hexadecimal), the binary grade of which is 00000110, where the 2nd-least-significant flake is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address. [ix] Even though many hypervisors manage dynamic MAC addresses inside their own OUI, often it is useful to create an entire unique MAC within the LAA range. [x]

Universal addresses that are administered locally [ edit ]

In virtualisation, hypervisors such as QEMU and Xen have their own OUIs. Each new virtual machine is started with a MAC address set by assigning the concluding three bytes to be unique on the local network. While this is local administration of MAC addresses, it is not an LAA in the IEEE sense.

An historical example of this hybrid situation is the DECnet protocol, where the universal MAC address (OUI AA-00-04, Digital Equipment Corporation) is administered locally. The DECnet software assigns the last iii bytes for the complete MAC address to be AA-00-04-00-Xx-YY where 20-YY reflects the DECnet network address xx.yy of the host. This eliminates the need for DECnet to have an accost resolution protocol since the MAC accost for whatsoever DECnet host can be determined from its DECnet accost.

Unicast vs. multicast (I/G scrap) [ edit ]

The least pregnant fleck of an address'southward first octet is referred to equally the I/G, or Private/Grouping, bit. [vii] [8] When this bit is 0 (zero), the frame is meant to reach only one receiving NIC. [11] This type of manual is called unicast. A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes inside the collision domain. In a modern wired setting the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cable betwixt two network cards. In a wireless setting, the collision domain is all receivers that can observe a given wireless signal. If a switch does not know which port leads to a given MAC address, the switch will forward a unicast frame to all of its ports (except the originating port), an action known equally unicast flood. [12] Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will accept the frame; network frames with non-matching MAC-addresses are ignored, unless the device is in promiscuous fashion.

If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1 (i.east. the second hexadecimal digit is odd) the frame will still be sent only in one case; however, NICs volition choose to take it based on criteria other than the matching of a MAC address: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. This is called multicast addressing.

The IEEE has built in several special address types to let more than i network interface card to be addressed at one fourth dimension:

  • Packets sent to the circulate address, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In hexadecimal the broadcast accost would exist FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF . A broadcast frame is flooded and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes.
  • Packets sent to a multicast accost are received past all stations on a LAN that take been configured to receive packets sent to that accost.
  • Functional addresses identify one or more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in IEEE 802.five.

These are all examples of group addresses, equally opposed to private addresses; the least pregnant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to ane in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, tin be universally administered or locally administered.

Ranges of group and locally administered addresses [ edit ]

The U/Fifty and I/G $.25 are handled independently, and there are instances of all iv possibilities. [9] IPv6 multicast uses locally administered, multicast MAC addresses in the range iiiiii‑33‑xx‑20‑xx‑xx (with both bits fix). [13]

Given the locations of the U/L and I/M bits, they can be discerned in a single digit in common MAC accost notation equally shown in the post-obit table:

Universal/Local and Individual/Grouping bits in MAC addresses

U/L

I/Thou

 Universally administered Locally administered
Unicast (individual) x0‑xx‑20‑xx‑xx‑xx
tenfour‑20‑20‑xx‑xx‑xx
xviii‑xx‑xx‑xx‑20‑xx
10C‑xx‑xx‑20‑twenty‑20 		xtwo‑xx‑xx‑twenty‑twenty‑xx
tenhalf-dozen‑20‑20‑20‑xx‑twenty
10A‑20‑xx‑20‑20‑20
xE‑20‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx
Multicast (group) x1‑xx‑twenty‑xx‑xx‑xx
ten5‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx
ten9‑xx‑xx‑twenty‑xx‑xx
10D‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx 		10three‑20‑20‑twenty‑20‑20
10seven‑twenty‑xx‑20‑xx‑20
10B‑20‑xx‑20‑xx‑xx
10F‑20‑xx‑xx‑xx‑xx

Applications [ edit ]

The following network technologies use the EUI-48 identifier format:

Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network (such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi) has an EUI-48 address. Common networked consumer devices such as PCs, smartphones and tablet computers use EUI-48 addresses.

EUI-64 identifiers are used in:

  • IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
  • InfiniBand
  • IPv6 (Modified EUI-64 as the least-significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link-local address when stateless address autoconfiguration is used.) [14] IPv6 uses a modified EUI-64, treats MAC-48 as EUI-48 instead (every bit it is chosen from the same accost puddle) and inverts the local bit. [b] This results in extending MAC addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to modified EUI-64 using only FF-FE (and never FF-FF ) and with the local bit inverted. [xv]
  • ZigBee / 802.xv.four / 6LoWPAN wireless personal-area networks
  • IEEE 11073-20601 (IEEE 11073-20601 compliant medical devices) [sixteen]

Usage in hosts [ edit ]

On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each node on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the link layer (OSI Layer 2) networking upon which upper-layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks.

Many network interfaces support irresolute their MAC address. On almost Unix-like systems, the command utility ifconfig may exist used to remove and add link accost aliases. For case, the agile ifconfig directive may be used on NetBSD to specify which of the fastened addresses to activate. [17] Hence, various configuration scripts and utilities let the randomization of the MAC accost at the time of booting or before establishing a network connectedness.

Changing MAC addresses is necessary in network virtualization. In MAC spoofing, this is practiced in exploiting security vulnerabilities of a figurer system. Some modern operating systems, such equally Apple iOS and Android, especially in mobile devices, are designed to randomize the assignment of a MAC address to network interface when scanning for wireless access points to avoid tracking systems. [xviii] [19]

In Internet Protocol (IP) networks, the MAC address of an interface corresponding to an IP address may be queried with the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for IPv4 and the Neighbour Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6, relating OSI Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses.

Tracking [ edit ]

Randomization [ edit ]

Co-ordinate to Edward Snowden, the US National Security Agency has a organization that tracks the movements of mobile devices in a city by monitoring MAC addresses. [20] To avert this practice, Apple has started using random MAC addresses in iOS devices while scanning for networks. [18] Other vendors followed quickly. MAC accost randomization during scanning was added in Android starting from version 6.0, [19] Windows 10, [21] and Linux kernel 3.18. [22] The actual implementations of the MAC address randomization technique vary largely in dissimilar devices. [23] Moreover, various flaws and shortcomings in these implementations may allow an assailant to runway a device fifty-fifty if its MAC address is changed, for instance its probe requests' other elements, [24] [25] or their timing. [26] [23] If random MAC addresses are not used, researchers have confirmed that information technology is possible to link a real identity to a particular wireless MAC accost. [27] [28]

Other data leakage [ edit ]

Using wireless admission points in SSID-hidden way (network cloaking), a mobile wireless device may not simply disembalm its own MAC address when traveling, simply even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to, if they are configured to send these every bit function of probe request packets. Alternative modes to preclude this include configuring admission points to exist either in beacon-broadcasting mode or probe-response with SSID fashion. In these modes, probe requests may exist unnecessary or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing the identity of previously known networks. [29]

Anonymization [ edit ]

Notational conventions [ edit ]

The standard (IEEE 802) format for printing EUI-48 addresses in man-friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens ( - ) in manual gild (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB ). This form is also commonly used for EUI-64 (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB-CD-EF ). [ii] Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:) (e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:AB ), and 3 groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.) (e.grand. 0123.4567.89AB ); over again in manual order. [30]

Bit-reversed notation [ edit ]

The standard note, also called canonical format, for MAC addresses is written in transmission lodge with the to the lowest degree significant bit of each byte transmitted outset, and is used in the output of the ifconfig , ip address , and ipconfig commands, for example.

However, since IEEE 802.three (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.iv (Token Bus) transport the bytes (octets) over the wire, left-to-right, with the to the lowest degree significant bit in each byte first, while IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) and IEEE 802.six (FDDI) send the bytes over the wire with the most significant bit outset, confusion may ascend when an accost in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. For instance, an accost in canonical form 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission gild (to the lowest degree significant bit kickoff). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most-significant-bit outset social club. The latter might be incorrectly displayed as 48-2C-6A-1E-59-3D . This is referred to as bit-reversed social club, not-canonical form, MSB format, IBM format, or Token Ring format, equally explained in RFC2469.

Run across also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, re-create the OUI, suspend the two octets FF-FF and then copy the organization-specified extension identifier. To catechumen an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the aforementioned process is used, but the sequence inserted is FF-FE . [2] In both cases, the process could be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s were cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms.
  2. ^ With local identifiers indicated with a zero scrap, locally assigned EUI-64 begin with leading zeroes and it is easier for administrators to type locally assigned IPv6 addresses based on the modified EUI-64

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b "MAC Address Block Small (MA-S)" . Retrieved 2019-02-24 .
  2. ^ a b c d e f m "Guidelines for Apply of Extended Unique Identifier (EUI), Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), and Company ID (CID)" (PDF). IEEE Standards Association. IEEE. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  3. ^ IEEE Std 802-2001 (PDF). The Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE). 2002-02-07. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7381-2941-nine . Retrieved 2011-09-08 . The universal administration of LAN MAC addresses began with the Xerox Corporation administering Block Identifiers (Block IDs) for Ethernet addresses.
  4. ^ "IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authorization". standards.ieee.org . Retrieved 2018-09-20 .
  5. ^ a b "IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authority". standards.ieee.org . Retrieved 2018-xi-27 .
  6. ^ "IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authority". standards.ieee.org . Retrieved 2018-09-20 .
  7. ^ a b "Ethernet frame IG/LG bit explanation - Wireshark". networkengineering.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 2021-01-05 .
  8. ^ a b "RFC 4291 IP Version 6 Addressing Compages Appendix A". tools.ietf.org . Retrieved 2021-01-05 .
  9. ^ a b "Standard Grouping MAC Addresses: A Tutorial Guide" (PDF). IEEE-SA. Retrieved 2018-09-20 .
  10. ^ "Generating a New Unique MAC Address". RedHat. Retrieved 2020-06-15 .
  11. ^ "Guidelines for Fibre Aqueduct Utilize of the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)" (PDF). IEEE-SA. Retrieved 2018-10-11 .
  12. ^ "Overview of Layer 2 Switched Networks and Communication | Getting Started with LANs | Cisco Support Community | 5896 | 68421". supportforums.cisco.com. 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2016-05-17 .
  13. ^ RFC 7042 two.3.1.
  14. ^ Southward. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007). IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration . Network Working Group, IETF. doi: x.17487/RFC4862 . RFC 4862.
  15. ^ IANA Considerations and IETF Protocol Usage for IEEE 802 Parameters . IETF. September 2008. sec. 2.2.1. doi: x.17487/RFC7042 . RFC 7042.
  16. ^ IEEE P11073-20601 Health informatics—Personal health device communication Part 20601: Application profile—Optimized Exchange Protocol
  17. ^ "ifconfig(8) manual folio" . Retrieved sixteen Oct 2016.
  18. ^ a b Mamiit, Aaron (2014-06-12). "Apple Implements Random MAC Address on iOS 8. Goodbye, Marketers". Tech Times . Retrieved 2014-12-01 .
  19. ^ a b "Android half dozen.0 Changes". Android developers . Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  20. ^ Bamford, James (2014-08-xiii). "The Most Wanted Man in the Globe". Wired: 4. Retrieved 2014-12-01 .
  21. ^ Winkey Wang. "Wireless networking in Windows 10".
  22. ^ Emmanuel Grumbach. "iwlwifi: mvm: support random MAC address for scanning". Linux commit effd05ac479b . Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  23. ^ a b Célestin Matte (Dec 2017). Wi-Fi Tracking: Fingerprinting Attacks and Counter-Measures . 2017 (Theses). Université de Lyon. Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  24. ^ Vanhoef Mathy and Matte Célestin and Cunche Mathieu and Cardoso Leonardo and Piessens Frank (2016-05-30). "Why MAC accost randomization is not plenty: An analysis of Wi-Fi network discovery mechanisms" . Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  25. ^ Martin Jeremy and Mayberry Travis and Donahue Collin and Foppe Lucas and Brown Lamont and Riggins Chadwick and Rye Erik C and Brown Dane. "A study of MAC address randomization in mobile devices and when information technology fails" (PDF). 2017 . Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  26. ^ Matte Célestin and Cunche Mathieu and Rousseau Franck and Vanhoef Mathy (2016-07-18). "Defeating MAC address randomization through timing attacks" . Retrieved 2018-08-22 .
  27. ^ Cunche, Mathieu. "I know your MAC Address: Targeted tracking of individual using Wi-Fi" (PDF). 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  28. ^ Muhammad Hassan. "How to Find iPhone MAC Address".
  29. ^ "Hidden network no beacons". security.stackexchange.com . Retrieved sixteen October 2016.
  30. ^ "Agentless Host Configuration Scenario". Configuration Guide for Cisco Secure ACS iv.2. Cisco. February 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2015-09-19 . Yous can enter the MAC address in the following formats for representing MAC-48 addresses in human-readable class: six groups of 2 hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (-) in transmission order,[...]vi groups of two separated by colons (:),[...]three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.)...

External links [ edit ]

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